Supporters of Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez hold her portraits as they wait outside the hospital for news of Fernandez's surgery for thyroid cancer in Pilar, Argentina, Wednesday Jan. 4, 2012. Argentina's presidential spokesperson Alfredo Scoccimarro said Wednesday that the surgery took 3.5 hours and that doctors removed the entire thyroid gland, without any complications during the surgery. Also, that the president's doctors predict a speedy recovery and that she should stay in the hospital for 72 hours. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
Supporters of Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez hold her portraits as they wait outside the hospital for news of Fernandez's surgery for thyroid cancer in Pilar, Argentina, Wednesday Jan. 4, 2012. Argentina's presidential spokesperson Alfredo Scoccimarro said Wednesday that the surgery took 3.5 hours and that doctors removed the entire thyroid gland, without any complications during the surgery. Also, that the president's doctors predict a speedy recovery and that she should stay in the hospital for 72 hours. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
A supporter of Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez holds on to a portrait of Fernandez as she waits outside the hospital for news of Fernandez's surgery for thyroid cancer in Pilar, Argentina, Wednesday Jan. 4, 2012. Argentina's presidential spokesperson Alfredo Scoccimarro said Wednesday that the surgery took 3.5 hours and that doctors removed the entire thyroid gland, without any complications during the surgery. Also, that the president's doctors predict a speedy recovery and that she should stay in the hospital for 72 hours. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
Rosa Calderon holds a picture of Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez that reads in Spanish "Be strong Cristina" outside the hospital where Fernandez will undergo surgery for thyroid cancer in Pilar, Argentina, Wednesday Jan. 4, 2012. The 58-year-old leader has papillary thyroid carcinoma, and her doctors said it was detected before it spread, so her condition should curable without chemotherapy. Vice President Amado Boudou will be in charge during the operation on Wednesday and for 20 days as she recovers. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
A supporter of Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez wears a hat with her picture and a pin of her husband, Argentina's late President Nestor Kirchner, outside the hospital where she will undergo surgery for thyroid cancer in Pilar, Argentina, Wednesday Jan. 4, 2012. The 58-year-old leader has papillary thyroid carcinoma, and her doctors said it was detected before it spread, so her condition should curable without chemotherapy. Vice President Amado Boudou will be in charge during the operation on Wednesday and for 20 days as she recovers. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
A picture of Argentina's President Cristina Fernandez behind a statue of Jesus sits at the entrance to the hospital where Fernandez will undergo surgery for thyroid cancer in Pilar, Argentina, Wednesday Jan. 4, 2012. The 58-year-old leader has papillary thyroid carcinoma, and her doctors said it was detected before it spread, so her condition should curable without chemotherapy. Vice President Amado Boudou will be in charge during the operation on Wednesday and for 20 days as she recovers. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
BUENOS AIRES, Argentina (AP) ? Argentina's president was awake and recovering Wednesday after a 3.5 hour operation to remove her cancerous thyroid gland.
Cristina Fernandez's surgery went without complications and all her vital signs were good, her spokesman Alfredo Scoccimarro announced, prompting cheers and applause from supporters gathered outside the hospital.
Doctors had expected a routine surgery and predicted a complete cure without chemotherapy, since preoperative tests showed the cancer had not spread beyond a nodule on the right side of her thyroid gland.
Vice President Amado Boudou was put in charge shortly before the operation, and will remain as the country's constitutional leader for 20 more days while Fernandez takes medical leave, the presidency said.
Fernandez, 58, was found to have the cancer shortly after beginning her second four-year term as Argentina's leader last month, her doctors said. The surgery at Hospital Austral in suburban Pilar, north of the capital, was led by Dr. Pedro Saco, a veteran Argentine oncologist who specializes in cancers of the head and neck.
Experts say thyroid removals are about as routine as cancer surgeries can be, although the process is not without risk: surgeons must take care not to damage a nearby nerve that guides the vocal cords, or to remove the adjacent parathyroids, which regulate the body's calcium supply.
Patients should generally take care to relax their necks after surgery. Temporary hoarseness is common, and in rare cases, permanent voice changes can result. Patients also must swallow radioactive iodide for several days to destroy any cancerous remnants and provide for clearer images to detect any additional cancer, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
After surgery, patients take medicine ? levothyroxine sodium ? for the rest of their lives to replace a hormone that the thyroid glands produce. Blood tests every six to 12 months to measure thyroid levels also are recommended.
Most thyroid specialists agree that removing the entire gland is the best course, according to Dr. Jennifer Ogilvie, an assistant professor of surgery at New York University's Langone Medical Center who has performed about 1,500 similar operations.
Fernandez's doctors said the tumor had not metastasized or spread beyond the nodule, but Ogilvie said there is no way to know before surgery whether microscopic bits of the cancer have developed elsewhere in the gland. Also, when the entire thyroid is removed, levels of a protein called thyroglobulin should drop to zero, and simple blood tests thereafter can show whether cancer cells that also produce the protein have reappeared.
The president should not have to worry about a scar, Ogilvie said: "Most doctors do very small incisions, which we hide in a skin crease, a little fold in the neck, so it shouldn't show. The scars have gotten a lot better."
And while the plan is for her to remain hospitalized for up to 72 hours, most patients recover quite quickly.
"There's no reason why a patient can't go back to work in a week or two," Ogilvie said. "We don't feel like we're torturing our patients at all by sending them home the next day."
Fernandez is one of several sitting South American leaders to be diagnosed with cancer. Hugo Chavez of Venezuela has been treated in Cuba and Presidents Fernando Lugo of Paraguay and Dilma Rousseff of Brazil have been treated at Sao Paulo's Sirio Libanes Hospital.
Doctors at Sirio Libanes said Wednesday that former Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva had his first outpatient radiation treatment for throat cancer, sessions that he's expected to continue each weekday for up to seven weeks.
Supporters waiting anxiously outside the hospital where Fernandez underwent treatment waved flags, carried handmade signs that said "Be Strong Cristina" and built small shrines to the populist leader, who won re-election with a 54 percent landslide in October. Many carried pictures showing Fernandez and her late husband, former President Nestor Kirchner, who died of a heart attack in 2010.
Boudou, her former economy minister, is expected to work closely with Fernandez's other Cabinet members while she recuperates at her home in Calafate, in far-southern Argentina, and make no major policy changes. Argentina all but shuts down anyway for the summer holidays in January and February, so her diagnosis and surgery came at a relatively calm time.
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